electromagnetic field momentum
111Conjugate variables — For conjugate variables in context of thermodynamics, see Conjugate variables (thermodynamics). Conjugate variables are pairs of variables mathematically defined in such a way that they become Fourier transform duals of one another,[1][2] or more …
112Spacetime symmetries — refers to aspects of spacetime that can be described as exhibiting some form of symmetry. The role of symmetry in physics is important, for example, in simplifying solutions to many problems. Spacetime symmetries are used to simplify problems and …
113electricity — /i lek tris i tee, ee lek /, n. 1. See electric charge. 2. See electric current. 3. the science dealing with electric charges and currents. 4. a state or feeling of excitement, anticipation, tension, etc. [1640 50; ELECTRIC + ITY] * * *… …
114physical science — physical scientist. 1. any of the natural sciences dealing with inanimate matter or with energy, as physics, chemistry, and astronomy. 2. these sciences collectively. [1835 45] * * * Introduction the systematic study of the inorganic world …
115Aharonov-Bohm effect — The Aharonov Bohm effect, sometimes called the Ehrenberg Siday Aharonov Bohm effect, is a quantum mechanical phenomenon by which a charged particle is affected by electromagnetic fields in regions from which the particle is excluded. Werner… …
116Dirac sea — for a massive particle.  •  particles,  •  antiparticles The Dirac sea is a theoretical model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles with negative energy. It was first postulated by the British physicist Paul …
117gravitation — gravitational, adj. gravitationally, adv. /grav i tay sheuhn/, n. 1. Physics. a. the force of attraction between any two masses. Cf. law of gravitation. b. an act or process caused by this force. 2. a sinking or falling …
118Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector — Throughout this article, vectors and their magnitudes are indicated by boldface and italic type, respectively; for example, left| mathbf{A} ight| = A. In classical mechanics, the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector (or simply the LRL vector) is a vector… …
119Hamilton's principle — In physics, Hamilton s principle is William Rowan Hamilton s formulation of the principle of stationary action (see that article for historical formulations). It states that the dynamics of a physical system is determined by a variational problem …
120Anti-symmetric operator — In quantum mechanics, a raising or lowering operator (collectively known as ladder operators) is an operator that increases or decreases the eigenvalue of another operator. In quantum mechanics, the raising operator is sometimes called the… …
