differential polarization microscopy
11Optical tweezers — (originally called single beam gradient force trap ) are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically on the order of piconewtons), depending on the refractive index mismatch… …
12Circular dichroism — (CD) refers to the differential absorption of left and right circularly polarized light.[1][2] This phenomenon was discovered by Jean Baptiste Biot, Augustin Fresnel, and Aimé Cotton in the first half of the 19th century.[3] It is exhibited in… …
13Nanometrology — NIST Next Generation Nanometrology research.[1] Nanometrology is a subfield of metrology, concerned with the science of measurement at the nanoscale level. Nanometrology has a crucial role in order to produce nanomaterials and devices w …
14chemical bonding — ▪ chemistry Introduction any of the interactions that account for the association of atoms into molecules, ions, crystals, and other stable species that make up the familiar substances of the everyday world. When atoms approach one another …
15photography, technology of — Introduction equipment, techniques, and processes used in the production of photographs. The most widely used photographic process is the black and white negative–positive system (Figure 1 >). In the camera the lens projects an image of… …
16Nomarski prism — A Nomarski prism is a modification of the Wollaston prism that is used in differential interference contrast microscopy. It is named after its inventor, Polish physicist Georges Nomarski. Like the Wollaston prism, the Nomarski prism consists of… …
17Crystallization of polymers — Spherulites viewed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope. Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae,… …
18Queen's Medal — Die Royal Medal, auch The Queen s Medal genannt, ist eine von der Royal Society verliehene Auszeichnung für Wissenschaftler, die innerhalb des Commonwealth of Nations besonders wichtige Beiträge zur Weiterentwicklung der Wissenschaften geleistet… …
19Royal Medal — Die Royal Medal, auch The Queen s Medal genannt, ist eine von der Royal Society verliehene Auszeichnung für Wissenschaftler, die innerhalb des Commonwealth of Nations besonders wichtige Beiträge zur Weiterentwicklung der Wissenschaften geleistet… …
20List of physics topics A-E — NOTOC A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y ZList of physics topics F L >>AAb Am* Abbe number * Abbe, Ernst * Absolute zero * Accelerating universe * Acceleration * Acoustic theory * Action (physics) * Active laser medium * Adiabatic… …
