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31ETHICAL LITERATURE — (Heb. סִפְרוּת הַמּוּסָר, sifrut ha musar). There is no specific ethical literature as such in the biblical and talmudic period insofar as a systematic formulation of Jewish ethics is concerned. Even the wisdom literature of the Bible, though… …
32ḤASIDISM — ḤASIDISM, a popular religious movement giving rise to a pattern of communal life and leadership as well as a particular social outlook which emerged in Judaism and Jewry in the second half of the 18th century. Ecstasy, mass enthusiasm, close knit …
33HEBREW LITERATURE, MODERN — definition and scope beginnings periodization …
34HIRSCH, SAMSON (Ben) RAPHAEL — (1808–1888), rabbi and writer; leader and foremost exponent of orthodoxy in Germany in the 19th century. Born in Hamburg, Hirsch studied Talmud with his grandfather Mendel Frankfurter there. His education was influenced by the enlightened… …
35JUDAH LOEW (Liwa, Loeb) BEN BEZALEL — (known as Der Hohe Rabbi Loew and MaHaRaL mi Prag; c. 1525–1609), rabbi, talmudist, moralist, and mathematician. Judah Loew was the scion of a noble family which hailed from Worms. His father, Bezalel b. Ḥayyim, was the brother in law of R. Isaac …
36LURIA, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON — (1534–1572), kabbalist, referred to as Ha Ari (האר״י; the (sacred) lion from the initials of האלוהי רבי יצחק; Ha Elohi Rabbi Yiẓḥak, the divine Rabbi ). This cognomen was in use by the end of the 16th century, apparently at first in kabbalistic… …
37MENAHEM BEN AARON IBN ZERAḤ — (c. 1310–1385), codifier. Menahem was born in Estella, Navarre, where his father had settled after leaving his native France, on the expulsion of the Jews in 1306. In 1328 riots broke out against the Jews of Navarre and the Estella community… …
38ORTHODOXY — The term Orthodoxy first appeared in respect to Judaism in 1795, and became widely used from the beginning of the 19th century in contradistinction to the reform movement in judaism . In later times other terms, such as Torah true, became popular …
39PRAYER BOOKS — Books containing the texts of the customary daily prayers did not exist in ancient times. Sources of tannaitic and amoraic times take it as understood that prayer is by heart (e.g., Ber. 5:3–5; RH 4:5–6; Ta an. 2:2). In public prayer the reader… …
40WOMAN — This article is arranged according to the following outline: the historical perspective biblical period marriage and children women in household life economic roles educational and managerial roles religious roles women outside the household… …
