defeasible reasoning
11Default logic — is a non monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions. Default logic can express facts like “by default, something is true”; by contrast, standard logic can only express that something is true or that …
12Dialectic — The School of Athens, by Raphael. Dialectic (also dialectics and the dialectical method) is a method of argument for resolving disagreement that has been central to Indic and European philosophy since antiquity. The word dialectic originated in… …
13History of scientific method — The history of scientific method is inseparable from the history of science itself. The development and elaboration of rules for scientific reasoning and investigation has not been straightforward; scientific method has been the subject of… …
14Jurisprudence — For the jurisprudence of courts, see Case law. Philosophers of law ask what is law? and what should it be? Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal theorists (including legal philosophers and social… …
15Entailment — For other uses, see Entail (disambiguation). In logic, entailment is a relation between a set of sentences (e.g.,[1] meaningfully declarative sentences or truthbearers) and a sentence. Let Γ be a set of one or more sentences; let S1 be the… …
16List of philosophy topics (D-H) — DDaDai Zhen Pierre d Ailly Jean Le Rond d Alembert John Damascene Damascius John of Damascus Peter Damian Danish philosophy Dante Alighieri Arthur Danto Arthur C. Danto Arthur Coleman Danto dao Daodejing Daoism Daoist philosophy Charles Darwin… …
17Formal epistemology — is a subdiscipline of epistemology that utilizes formal methods from logic, probability theory and computability theory to elucidate traditional epistemic problems. TopicsSome of the topics that come under the heading of formal epistemology… …
18Lógica por defecto — La lógica por defecto es una lógica no monotónica propuesta por Raymond Reiter para formalizar el razonamiento con hipótesis por defecto. La lógica por defecto puede expresar hechos como de forma predeterminada, algo es cierto , por el contrario …
19Retroduction — is similar to induction, but it is predicated on known or assumed relationary rules and observations that contain at least one of the predicates or predictors of the rules in question. Another predicate of the relationary rule is then generalized …
20Circumscription (logic) — Not to be confused with circumscribe. Circumscription is a non monotonic logic created by John McCarthy to formalize the common sense assumption that things are as expected unless otherwise specified. Circumscription was later used by McCarthy in …
