customs dues
11NACHMANOVICH — (Pol. Nachmanowicz), wealthy family in lvov , Poland; its members were among the leaders of the community within the walled city of Lvov during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The first known member of the family, ISAAC BEN NAḤMAN (d.… …
12Egypt, ancient — Introduction civilization in northeastern Africa dating from the 3rd millennium BC. Its many achievements, preserved in its art and monuments, hold a fascination that continues to grow as archaeological finds expose its secrets. This article… …
13Hadrian's Wall — This article is about the fortification in Northern England. For the Broad Wall of Jerusalem, see Broad Wall (Jerusalem). Coordinates: 55°01′27″N 2°17′33″W / 55.02417°N 2 …
14BREST-LITOVSK — (Brisk, Heb. בריסק דליטא; until 1921 Brest Litovsk; from 1921 until 1939 Brześć nad Bugiem; after 1939 Brest), capital of Brest district, Belarus. In the medieval grand duchy of lithuania , from the 14th to the 17th centuries, in particular after …
15ṢARRĀF — ṢARRĀF, Arabic money changer, intendant, treasurer; ṣarrāfbashi, Arabic Turkish chief money changer, chief banker. In Islamic countries Muslims were all but forbidden to work in gold and silver, not only as goldsmiths and silversmiths but also as …
16Henry VII — 1. ( Henry of Luxembourg ) 1275? 1313, king of Germany 1309 13 and emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1312 13. 2. (Henry Tudor) 1457 1509, king of England 1485 1509: first king of the house of Tudor. * * * I German Heinrich born с 1269/74,… …
17Jingellic, New South Wales — Infobox Australian Place | type = town name = Jingellic state = nsw caption = The Bridge Hotel lga = Tumbarumba Shire Council lga2 = Greater Hume Shire Council postcode = 2642 est = pop = elevation= maxtemp = mintemp = rainfall = county = Selwyn… …
18Prussia — /prush euh/, n. a former state in N Europe: became a military power in the 18th century and in 1871 led the formation of the German empire; formally abolished as an administrative unit in 1947. German, Preussen. Cf. East Prussia, West Prussia. *… …
19PRUSSIA — (Ger. Preussen), former dukedom and kingdom, the nucleus and dominant part of modern united germany (1870). The name came to signify a conglomerate of territories whose core was the electorate of brandenburg , ruled by the Hohenzollern dynast… …
20Christian III of Denmark — Christian III King of Denmark Reign 1534–1559 Coronation 12 August 1537, Copenhagen Predecessor …
