crystal electric field
71Vacuum tube — This article is about the electronic device. For experiments in an evacuated pipe, see free fall. For the transport system, see pneumatic tube. Modern vacuum tubes, mostly miniature style In electronics, a vacuum tube, electron tube (in North… …
72Transmission electron microscopy — A TEM image of the polio virus. The polio virus is 30 nm in size.[1] Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it… …
73Photon polarization — is the quantum mechanical description of the classical polarized sinusoidal plane electromagnetic wave. Individual photons are completely polarized. Their polarization state can be linear or circular, or it can be elliptical, which is anywhere in …
74Pyroelectricity — is the ability of certain materials to generate an electrical potential when they are heated or cooled. As a result of this change in temperature, positive and negative charges move to opposite ends through migration (i.e., the material becomes… …
75Thermoelectric effect — The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa. On the measurement scale of everyday life, a thermoelectric device creates a voltage when there is a different temperature on each… …
76Superlens — A superlens, super lens or perfect lens is a lens which uses metamaterials to go beyond the diffraction limit. The diffraction limit is an inherent limitation in conventional optical devices or lenses.[1] In 2000, a type of lens was proposed,… …
77semiconductor device — ▪ electronics Introduction electronic circuit component made from a material that is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator (hence semiconductor). Such devices have found wide applications because of their compactness, reliability,… …
78Birefringence — Displacement of light rays with perpendicular polarization through a birefringent material …
79Zinc oxide — Other names Zinc white Calamine Identifiers …
80atom — /at euhm/, n. 1. Physics. a. the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element, consisting of a nucleus containing combinations of neutrons and protons and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus by electrical… …
