cosine of an angle
71Parametric surface — A parametric surface is a surface in the Euclidean space R3 which is defined by a parametric equation with two parameters. Parametric representation is the most general way to specify a surface. Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of… …
72Hemispherical photography — Hemispherical photography, also known as fisheye or canopy photography, is a technique to estimate solar radiation and characterize plant canopy geometry using photographs taken looking upward through an extreme wide angle lens (Rich 1990).… …
73Power factor — For other uses, see Power factor (pistol). The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power flowing to the load over the apparent power in the circuit,[1][2] and is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1… …
74Root system — This article discusses root systems in mathematics. For root systems of plants, see root. Lie groups …
75Potentiometer — This article is about the electrical component. For the measuring instrument, see Potentiometer (measuring instrument). Potentiometer A typical single turn potentiometer Type Passive Electronic s …
76Velocity made good — or vmg, is a term in sailing, and specifically yacht racing, that refers to the component of a sailboat s velocity that is in the direction of the next mark. The concept is useful in sailing, because a sailboat often cannot, or should not, sail …
77Phong shading — refers to a set of techniques in 3D computer graphics. Phong shading combines a model for the reflection of light from surfaces with a compatible method of estimating pixel colors using interpolation of surface normals across rasterized… …
78Crank (mechanism) — A crank is an arm attached at right angles to a rotating shaft by which reciprocating motion is imparted to or received from the shaft. It is used to change circular into reciprocating motion, or reciprocating into circular motion. The arm may be …
79Quantum mechanical Bell test prediction — In physics, the quantum mechanical Bell test prediction is the prediction that quantum mechanics would give for the correlation probabilities for a set of measurements performed on a quantum entangled state. An important outcome of this… …
80Specific orbital energy — In the gravitational two body problem, the specific orbital energy (or vis viva energy) of two orbiting bodies is the constant sum of their mutual potential energy ( ) and their total kinetic energy ( ), divided by the reduced mass. According to… …
