constrained estimation
31MPEG-2 — Not to be confused with MPEG 1 Audio Layer II (MP2). MPEG 2 is used in Digital Video Broadcast and Digital Versatile Discs. The MPEG transport stream, TS, and MPEG program stream, PS, are container formats. MPEG 2 is a standard for the generic… …
32Trip distribution — (or destination choice or zonal interchange analysis), is the second component (after trip generation, but before mode choice and route assignment) in the traditional four step transportation forecasting model. This step matches tripmakers’… …
33List of mathematics articles (C) — NOTOC C C closed subgroup C minimal theory C normal subgroup C number C semiring C space C symmetry C* algebra C0 semigroup CA group Cabal (set theory) Cabibbo Kobayashi Maskawa matrix Cabinet projection Cable knot Cabri Geometry Cabtaxi number… …
34L-BFGS — and L BFGS B are software packages for solving nonlinear optimization problems. They are designed for large scale applications in which the Hessian matrix is not available or is expensive to compute. To accelerate convergence, the two codes… …
35Europe, history of — Introduction history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates.… …
36Discrete Fourier transform — Fourier transforms Continuous Fourier transform Fourier series Discrete Fourier transform Discrete time Fourier transform Related transforms In mathematics, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is a specific kind of discrete transform, used in… …
37Beta distribution — Probability distribution name =Beta| type =density pdf cdf parameters =alpha > 0 shape (real) eta > 0 shape (real) support =x in [0; 1] ! pdf =frac{x^{alpha 1}(1 x)^{eta 1 {mathrm{B}(alpha,eta)}! cdf =I x(alpha,eta)! mean… …
38Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm — In mathematics and computing, the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LMA)[1] provides a numerical solution to the problem of minimizing a function, generally nonlinear, over a space of parameters of the function. These minimization problems arise… …
39Tikhonov regularization — Tikhonov regularization, named for Andrey Tikhonov, is the most commonly used method of regularization of ill posed problems. In statistics, the method is known as ridge regression, and, with multiple independent discoveries, it is also variously …
40Coefficient of determination — In statistics, the coefficient of determination R2 is used in the context of statistical models whose main purpose is the prediction of future outcomes on the basis of other related information. It is the proportion of variability in a data set… …
