conjugate variable
81Fundamental theorem of algebra — In mathematics, the fundamental theorem of algebra states that every non constant single variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. Equivalently, the field of complex numbers is algebraically closed.Sometimes,… …
82Octonion — In mathematics, the octonions are a normed division algebra over the real numbers, usually represented by the capital letter O, using boldface O or blackboard bold . There are only four such algebras, the other three being the real numbers R, the …
83Noether's theorem — This article discusses Emmy Noether s first theorem, which derives conserved quantities from symmetries. For her related theorem on infinite dimensional Lie algebras and differential equations, see Noether s second theorem. For her unrelated… …
84Belief propagation — is a message passing algorithm for performing inference on graphical models, such as Bayesian networks and Markov random fields. It calculates the marginal distribution for each unobserved node, conditional on any observed nodes. Belief… …
85Thermodynamic process — A thermodynamic process may be defined as the energetic evolution of a thermodynamic system proceeding from an initial state to a final state. Paths through the space of thermodynamic variables are often specified by holding certain thermodynamic …
86Principle of minimum energy — The principle of minimum energy is essentially a restatement of the second law of thermodynamics. It states that for a closed system, with constant external parameters and entropy, the internal energy will decrease and approach a minimum value at …
87Feynman diagram — The Wick s expansion of the integrand gives (among others) the following termNarpsi(x)gamma^mupsi(x)arpsi(x )gamma^ upsi(x )underline{A mu(x)A u(x )};,whereunderline{A mu(x)A u(x )}=int{d^4pover(2pi)^4}{ig {mu u}over k^2+i0}e^{ k(x x )}is the… …
88NC (complexity) — Unsolved problems in computer science Is NC = P ? In complexity theory, the class NC (for Nick s Class ) is the set of decision problems decidable in polylogarithmic time on a parallel computer with a polynomial number of processors. In… …
89Rack and pinion — A rack and pinion is a pair of gears which convert rotational motion into linear motion. The circular pinion engages teeth on a flat bar the rack . Rotational motion applied to the pinion will cause the rack to move to the side, up to the limit… …
90Gauss–Newton algorithm — The Gauss–Newton algorithm is a method used to solve non linear least squares problems. It can be seen as a modification of Newton s method for finding a minimum of a function. Unlike Newton s method, the Gauss–Newton algorithm can only be used… …
