common-mode voltage amplification
41Dynamic random access memory — (DRAM) is a type of random access memory that stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within an integrated circuit. Since real capacitors leak charge, the information eventually fades unless the capacitor charge is refreshed periodically …
42Cathode bias — In order for a vacuum tube (or valve) to operate in a fairly linear region of its characteristic curve, the grid element must be maintained at a bias voltage more negative than the cathode. This is called cathode bias.Early techniquesEarly… …
43Transformer types — Circuit symbols Transformer with two windings and iron core. Step down or step up transformer. The symbol shows which winding has more turns, but not usually the …
44Crystal radio — Crystal set redirects here. For the Australian rock band, see The Crystal Set. A modern reproduction of an antique crystal set. It is tuned to different stations by moving the sliding contact (right) up and down the tuning coil (red). The device… …
45Scanning electron microscope — These pollen grains taken on an SEM show the characteristic depth of field of SEM micrographs …
46mass spectrometry — or mass spectroscopy Analytic technique by which chemical substances are identified by sorting gaseous ions by mass using electric and magnetic fields. A mass spectrometer uses electrical means to detect the sorted ions, while a mass spectrograph …
47Positive feedback — Alarm or panic can spread by positive feedback among a herd of animals to cause a stampede. Positive feedback is energy taken from the output of a system and reapplied to the input, which is phase congruent with the input signal. A system… …
48Diode — Figure 1: Closeup of a diode, showing the square shaped semiconductor crystal (black object on left) …
49Mass spectrometry — (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass to charge ratio of charged particles.[1] It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical… …
50Cascode — The cascode is a two stage amplifier composed of a transconductance amplifier followed by a current buffer. Compared to a single amplifier stage, this combination may have one or more of the following advantages: higher input output isolation,… …
