categorical class
21Transposition (logic) — In the methods of deductive reasoning in classical logic, transposition is the rule of inference that permits one to infer from the truth of A implies B the truth of Not B implies not A , and conversely . [Brody, Bobuch A. Glossary of Logical… …
22Topos — For topoi in literary theory, see Literary topos. For topoi in rhetorical invention, see Inventio. In mathematics, a topos (plural topoi or toposes ) is a type of category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space.… …
23First-order logic — is a formal logical system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It goes by many names, including: first order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus, quantification theory, and predicate logic (a less… …
24Syllogism — A syllogism (Greek: συλλογισμός – syllogismos – conclusion, inference ) is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two or more others (the premises) of a certain form. In antiquity, there were… …
25applied logic — Introduction the study of the practical art of right reasoning. The formalism (formal logic) and theoretical results of pure logic can be clothed with meanings derived from a variety of sources within philosophy as well as from other… …
26Adjoint functors — Adjunction redirects here. For the construction in field theory, see Adjunction (field theory). For the construction in topology, see Adjunction space. In mathematics, adjoint functors are pairs of functors which stand in a particular… …
27Appraisal theory — Reasoning and understanding of one’s emotional reaction becomes important for future appraisals as well. The important aspect of the appraisal theory is that it accounts for individual variances of emotional reactions to the same event. [Smith,… …
28Contraposition (traditional logic) — In traditional logic, contraposition is a form of immediate inference in which from a given proposition another is inferred having for its subject the contradictory of the original predicate, and in some cases involving a change of quality… …
29Continental philosophy — Collective term for the many distinct philospohical traditions, methods, and styles that predominated on the European continent (particularly in France and Germany) from the time of Immanuel Kant. It is usually understood in contrast with… …
30Classification in machine learning — See also: Pattern recognition This section needs integrating with Statistical classification (Discuss). Integration means cross linking and distinguishing (to/from each other), or sometimes merging (if consensus suggests). In machine learning and …
