biased coin
1biased — adjective Date: 1649 1. exhibiting or characterized by bias; especially prejudiced 2. tending to yield one outcome more frequently than others in a statistical experiment < a biased coin > 3. having an expected value different …
2Coin flipping — or coin tossing or heads or tails is the practice of throwing a coin in the air to choose between two alternatives, sometimes to resolve a dispute between two parties. It is a form of sortition which inherently has only two possible and equally… …
3Checking whether a coin is fair — In statistics, the question of checking whether a coin is fair is one whose importance lies, firstly, in providing a simple problem on which to illustrate basic ideas of statistical inference and, secondly, in providing a simple problem that can… …
4Fair coin — In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin. One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin. Fair… …
5Checking if a coin is fair — In statistics, a fair coin is an idealized randomizing device with two states (usually named heads and tails ) which are equally likely to occur. It is based on the ubiquitous coin flip used in sports and other situations where it is necessary to …
6Parrondo's paradox — is a paradox in game theory and is often described as: A losing strategy that wins . It is named after its creator Juan Parrondo, a Spanish physicist. Mathematically a more involved statement is given as:: Given two games, each with a higher… …
7Chernoff bound — In probability theory, the Chernoff bound, named after Herman Chernoff, gives exponentially decreasing bounds on tail distributions of sums of independent random variables. It is better than the first or second moment based tail bounds such as… …
8probability theory — Math., Statistics. the theory of analyzing and making statements concerning the probability of the occurrence of uncertain events. Cf. probability (def. 4). [1830 40] * * * Branch of mathematics that deals with analysis of random events.… …
9Martingale (probability theory) — For the martingale betting strategy , see martingale (betting system). Stopped Brownian motion is an example of a martingale. It can be used to model an even coin toss betting game with the possibility of bankruptcy. In probability theory, a… …
10Randomized controlled trial — Flowchart of four phases (enrollment, intervention allocation, follow up, and data analysis) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups, modified from the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) 2010 Statement[1] …
