bernoulli's assumption
21Law of large numbers — The law of large numbers (LLN) is a theorem in probability that describes the long term stability of the mean of a random variable. Given a random variable with a finite expected value, if its values are repeatedly sampled, as the number of these …
22Mathematical induction — can be informally illustrated by reference to the sequential effect of falling dominoes. Mathematical induction is a method of mathematical proof typically used to establish that a given statement is true of all natural numbers (positive… …
23probability and statistics — ▪ mathematics Introduction the branches of mathematics concerned with the laws governing random events, including the collection, analysis, interpretation, and display of numerical data. Probability has its origin in the study of gambling… …
24Analysis of variance — In statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of… …
25Continuum mechanics — Continuum mechanics …
26Normal distribution — This article is about the univariate normal distribution. For normally distributed vectors, see Multivariate normal distribution. Probability density function The red line is the standard normal distribution Cumulative distribution function …
27Markov chain — A simple two state Markov chain. A Markov chain, named for Andrey Markov, is a mathematical system that undergoes transitions from one state to another, between a finite or countable number of possible states. It is a random process characterized …
28Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector — Throughout this article, vectors and their magnitudes are indicated by boldface and italic type, respectively; for example, left| mathbf{A} ight| = A. In classical mechanics, the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector (or simply the LRL vector) is a vector… …
29Kelly criterion — In probability theory, the Kelly criterion, or Kelly strategy or Kelly formula, or Kelly bet, is a formula used to determine to optimal size of a series of bets. Under some simplifying assumptions, the Kelly strategy will do better than any… …
30atom — /at euhm/, n. 1. Physics. a. the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element, consisting of a nucleus containing combinations of neutrons and protons and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus by electrical… …
