beam splitting optics
11Optical tweezers — (originally called single beam gradient force trap ) are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically on the order of piconewtons), depending on the refractive index mismatch… …
12Electron — For other uses, see Electron (disambiguation). Electron Experiments with a Crookes tube first demonstrated the particle nature of electrons. In this illustration, the profile of the cross shaped target is projected against the tube face at right… …
13Atomic line filter — A potassium Faraday filter designed, built and photographed by Jonas Hedin for making daytime LIDAR measurements at Arecibo Observatory.[1] An atomic line filter (ALF) is an advanced optical band pass filter used in the physical sciences for… …
14Physical Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Scientists discovered a new family of superconducting materials and obtained unique images of individual hydrogen atoms and of a multiple exoplanet system. Europe completed the Large Hadron Collider, and China and India took… …
15Refractive index — Refraction of light at the interface between two media. In optics the refractive index or index of refraction of a substance or medium is a measure of the speed of light in that medium. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum… …
16photoreception — photoreceptive, adj. /foh toh ri sep sheuhn/, n. the physiological perception of light. [1905 10; PHOTO + RECEPTION] * * * Biological responses to stimulation by light, most often referring to the mechanism of vision. In one celled organisms such …
17Atom — The atom is the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element. An atom has an electron cloud consisting of negatively charged electrons surrounding a dense nucleus. The nucleus contains positively charged… …
18Electromagnetically induced transparency — The effect of EIT on a typical absorption line. A weak probe normally experiences absorption shown in blue. A second coupling beam induces EIT and creates a window in the absorption region (red). This plot is a computer simulation of EIT in an… …
19Wave–particle duality — Quantum mechanics Uncertainty principle …
20Photorefractive effect — The photorefractive effect is a nonlinear optical effect seen in certain crystals and other materials that respond to light by altering their refractive indexcite book author=J. Frejlich title=Photorefractive materials : fundamental concepts,… …
