beam source
61Lens (optics) — For other uses, see Lens. A lens. Lenses can be used to focus light. A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate axial symmetry which tra …
62Helium atom scattering — (HAS) is a surface analysis technique used in materials science. HAS provides information about the surface structure and lattice dynamics of a material by measuring the diffracted atoms from a monochromatic helium beam incident on the sample.… …
63Natural scientific research in Canada — This article outlines the history of natural scientific research in Canada, including mathematics, physics, astronomy, space science, geology, oceanography, chemistry, biology, medical research and psychology. The social sciences are not treated… …
64Nephelometer — A nephelometer at the Kosan, Cheju Island, South Korea NOAA facility A nephelometer [1] is a stationary or portable instrument for measuring suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by… …
65Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells — Copper indium gallium selenide (CuIn1 xGaxSe2 or CIGS) is a direct bandgap semiconductor useful for the manufacture of solar cells. Because the material strongly absorbs sunlight, a much thinner film is required than of other semiconductor… …
66Absorption spectroscopy — An overview of electromagnetic radiation absorption. This example discusses the general principle using visible light as a specific example. A white beam source – emitting light of multiple wavelengths – is focused on a sample (the complementary… …
67Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy — (EDS, EDX or EDXRF) is an analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample. As a type of spectroscopy, it relies on the investigation of a sample through interactions between electromagnetic radiation… …
68Duoplasmatron — Duoplasmatron, an invention of Manfred von Ardenne, is a type of ion beam source. The duoplasmatron operates as follows: a cathode filament emits electrons into a vacuum chamber. A gas such as argon is introduced in very small quantities into the …
69Surface phonon — Phonons are collective lattice vibration modes, and surface phonons are those particular modes associated with surfaces; they are an artifact of periodicity, symmetry, and the termination of bulk crystal structure associated with the surface… …
70hybride Strahlungsquelle — mišrusis spinduliuotės šaltinis statusas T sritis radioelektronika atitikmenys: angl. hybrid beam source vok. hybride Strahlungsquelle, f rus. гибридный источник излучения, m pranc. source de rayonnement hybride, f …
