basic bessemer process
51Europe, history of — Introduction history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates.… …
52Continuous casting — The macrostructure of continuously cast copper (99.95% pure), etched, ∅ ≈ 83 mm. Continuous casting, also called strand casting, is the process whereby molten metal is solidified into a semifinished billet, bloom, or slab for subsequent rolling… …
53Diffusion of technology in Canada — This article outlines the history of the diffusion or spread of technology in Canada. Technologies chosen for treatment here include, in rough order, transportation, communication, energy, materials, industry, public works, public services… …
54United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… …
55Colorado Fuel and Iron — The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company (CF I) was a large steel concern. By 1903, it was largely owned and controlled by John D. Rockefeller and Jay Gould s financial heirs.[1] While it came to control many plants throughout the country, its main… …
56Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist — ▪ British metallurgist born April 16, 1850, London, Eng. died Feb. 1, 1885, Paris, Fr. British metallurgist and inventor who discovered (1875) a method for eliminating phosphorus (a major impurity in some iron ores) in the Bessemer… …
57Iron — Fe redirects here. For other uses, see Fe (disambiguation). This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Iron (disambiguation). manganese …
58economic systems — Introduction the way in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.… …
59Sheffield — For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation). City of Sheffield   City Metropolitan borough   Top left …
60Sidney Gilchrist Thomas — Infobox Scientist name = Sidney Gilchrist Thomas box width = image width =150px caption = Sidney Gilchrist Thomas birth date = April 16, 1850 birth place = Canonbury, London death date = February 1, 1885 death place = residence = citizenship =… …
