asymmetric property
51Digital signature — This article is about secure cryptographic signatures. For simple signatures in digital form, see Electronic signature. A digital signature or digital signature scheme is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital… …
52Plaintext-aware encryption — Plaintext awareness is a notion of security for public key encryption. A cryptosystem is plaintext aware if it is difficult for any efficient algorithm to come up with a valid ciphertext without being aware of the corresponding plaintext.From a… …
53amino acid — Biochem. any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino group, NH2, and one carboxyl group, COOH: the alpha amino acids, RCH(NH2)COOH, are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed. Cf. essential amino acid.… …
54computer — computerlike, adj. /keuhm pyooh teuhr/, n. 1. Also called processor. an electronic device designed to accept data, perform prescribed mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of these operations. Cf. analog… …
55logic, history of — Introduction the history of the discipline from its origins among the ancient Greeks to the present time. Origins of logic in the West Precursors of ancient logic There was a medieval tradition according to which the Greek philosopher …
56Geometric stable distribution — Geometric Stable parameters: α ∈ (0,2] stability parameter β ∈ [−1,1] skewness parameter (note that skewness is undefined) λ ∈ (0, ∞) scale parameter μ ∈ (−∞, ∞) location parameter support: x ∈ R, or x ∈ [μ, +∞) if α < 1 and β = 1, or x ∈… …
57Iridium — (pronEng|ɪˈrɪdiəm) is a chemical element that has the symbol Ir and atomic number 77. A very hard, brittle, silvery white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is the second densest element and is the most corrosion resistant metal,… …
58Kenneth Arrow — Infobox Scientist name = Kenneth J. Arrow caption = National Medal of Science award ceremony, 2004 image size = 180px birth date = Birth date and age|1921|8|23 birth place = New York City, New York, USA nationality = United States field =… …
59Cryptovirology — is a field that studies how to use cryptography to design powerful malicious software. The field was born with the observation that public key cryptography can be used to break the symmetry between what an antivirus analyst sees regarding a virus …
60Mathematics and Physical Sciences — ▪ 2003 Introduction Mathematics Mathematics in 2002 was marked by two discoveries in number theory. The first may have practical implications; the second satisfied a 150 year old curiosity. Computer scientist Manindra Agrawal of the… …
