approximate approach
111Constraint algorithm — In mechanics, a constraint algorithm is a method for satisfying constraints for bodies that obey Newton s equations of motion. There are three basic approaches to satisfying such constraints: choosing novel unconstrained coordinates ( internal… …
112Europe, history of — Introduction history of European peoples and cultures from prehistoric times to the present. Europe is a more ambiguous term than most geographic expressions. Its etymology is doubtful, as is the physical extent of the area it designates.… …
113Numerical analysis — Babylonian clay tablet BC 7289 (c. 1800–1600 BC) with annotations. The approximation of the square root of 2 is four sexagesimal figures, which is about six decimal figures. 1 + 24/60 + 51/602 + 10/603 = 1.41421296...[1] Numerical analysis is the …
114Phonics — refers to an instructional method for teaching children to read English. Phonics involves teaching children to connect the sounds of spoken English with letters or groups of letters (e.g., that the sound IPA|/k/ can be represented by c , k , or… …
115BitTorrent (protocol) — BitTorrent is a peer to peer file sharing protocol used to distribute large amounts of data. The initial distributor of the complete file or collection acts as the first seed . Each peer who downloads the data also uploads them to other peers.… …
116Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics) — In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system in terms of a simpler one. The idea is to start with a simple system for which a …
117Belief propagation — is a message passing algorithm for performing inference on graphical models, such as Bayesian networks and Markov random fields. It calculates the marginal distribution for each unobserved node, conditional on any observed nodes. Belief… …
118Fictitious force — Classical mechanics Newton s Second Law History of classical mechanics  …
119Proportional hazards models — are a class of survival models in statistics. Survival models relate the time that passes before some event occurs to one or more covariates that may be associated with that quantity. In a proportional hazards model, the unique effect of a unit… …
120Implicit solvation — (sometimes known as continuum solvation) is a method of representing solvent as a continuous medium instead of individual “explicit” solvent molecules most often used in molecular dynamics simulations and in other applications of molecular… …
