angular distribution isotropy
11Maxwell's equations — For thermodynamic relations, see Maxwell relations. Electromagnetism …
12Olbers' paradox — in action In astrophysics and physical cosmology, Olbers paradox is the argument that the darkness of the night sky conflicts with the assumption of an infinite and eternal static universe. It is one of the pieces of evidence for a non static… …
13Liquid crystal — Schlieren texture of liquid crystal nematic phase Liquid crystals (LCs) are a state of matter that have properties between those of a conventional liquid and those of a solid crystal.[1] For instance, an LC may flow like a liquid, but its… …
14X-ray fluorescence — (XRF) is the emission of characteristic secondary (or fluorescent) X rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high energy X rays or gamma rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis and chemical analysis,… …
15Birefringence — Displacement of light rays with perpendicular polarization through a birefringent material …
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