algebraic complement
51Orthogonal group — Group theory Group theory …
52Background and genesis of topos theory — This page gives some very general background to the mathematical idea of topos. This is an aspect of category theory, and has a reputation for being abstruse. The level of abstraction involved cannot be reduced beyond a certain point; but on the… …
53Numerical continuation — is a method of computing approximate solutions of a system of parameterized nonlinear equations, The parameter λ is usually a real scalar, and the solution an n vector. For a fixed parameter value λ,, maps Euclidean n space into itself. Often the …
54Fundamental group — In mathematics, the fundamental group is one of the basic concepts of algebraic topology. Associated with every point of a topological space there is a fundamental group that conveys information about the 1 dimensional structure of the portion of …
55Surface — This article discusses surfaces from the point of view of topology. For other uses, see Differential geometry of surfaces, algebraic surface, and Surface (disambiguation). An open surface with X , Y , and Z contours shown. In mathematics,… …
56Winding number — The term winding number may also refer to the rotation number of an iterated map. This curve has winding number two around the point p. In mathematics, the winding number of a closed curve in the plane around a given point is an integer… …
57probability theory — Math., Statistics. the theory of analyzing and making statements concerning the probability of the occurrence of uncertain events. Cf. probability (def. 4). [1830 40] * * * Branch of mathematics that deals with analysis of random events.… …
58Liouville number — In number theory, a Liouville number is a real number x with the property that, for every positive integer n, there exist integers p and q with q > 1 and such that A Liouville number can thus be approximated quite closely by a sequence of… …
59Commutative ring — In ring theory, a branch of abstract algebra, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Some specific kinds of commutative rings are given with …
60Complex manifold — In differential geometry, a complex manifold is a manifold with an atlas of charts to the open unit disk[1] in Cn, such that the transition maps are holomorphic. The term complex manifold is variously used to mean a complex manifold in the sense… …
