(to zero exponentially)
121Alpha-beta pruning — is a search algorithm which seeks to reduce the number of nodes that are evaluated in the search tree by the minimax algorithm. It is a search with adversary algorithm used commonly for machine playing of two player games (Tic tac toe, Chess, Go …
122Positive feedback — Alarm or panic can spread by positive feedback among a herd of animals to cause a stampede. Positive feedback is energy taken from the output of a system and reapplied to the input, which is phase congruent with the input signal. A system… …
123Hyperbolic geometry — Lines through a given point P and asymptotic to line R. A triangle immersed in a saddle shape plane (a hyperbolic paraboloid), as well as two diverging ultraparall …
124Tachyon condensation — In physics, tachyon condensation is a process in which a tachyonic field mdash;usually a scalar field mdash;with a negative squared mass acquires a vacuum expectation value and reaches the minimum of the potential energy. While the field is… …
125Chernoff bound — In probability theory, the Chernoff bound, named after Herman Chernoff, gives exponentially decreasing bounds on tail distributions of sums of independent random variables. It is better than the first or second moment based tail bounds such as… …
126Mixture model — See also: Mixture distribution In statistics, a mixture model is a probabilistic model for representing the presence of sub populations within an overall population, without requiring that an observed data set should identify the sub population… …
127Flatness problem — The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the relative density Ω is less than, equal to or greater than 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with greater than critical density (Ω>1, k>0); a hyperbolic, underdense… …
128Long-range dependency — A self similar phenomenon behaves the same when viewed at different degrees of magnification, or different scales on a dimension (space or time). Self similar processes can be described using heavy tailed distributions, also known as long tailed… …
