Хискаирумоко

Раскопки в Хискаирумоко в 2002 г.

Золотое ожерелье, обнаруженное в Хискаирумоко

Хискаирумоко, Jiskairumoko — доколумбов археологический памятник — объект раскопок, расположенный в 54 км к юго-востоку от г. Пуно в Перу. Находится на высоте 4115 метров над уровнем моря в округе Аймара региона Хачакачи в бассейне озера Титикака. Объект был населён с позднего архаичного по формационный период, то есть в 3000-1400 гг. до н. э. Обнаружен в 1994 г. Марком Альдендерфером во время пешего обследования реки Илаве.

Название представляет собой комбинацию 3 слов на языке аймара: «хиска» означает «маленький», «иру» означает тип кустистой травы, а «моко» означает «небольшой холм», то есть Хискаирумоко означает «небольшой холм, покрытый кустистыми зарослями».

По ряду причин Хискаирумоко играет важную роль в понимании древнейшей истории Перу и Анд: в частности, это ранние престижные изделия, архитектурные переходы, ритуальные предметы в домашних помещениях, создание регулярных торговых путей и др.

Литература

• Aldenderfer, M. S. (1998), written at Iowa City, Montane Foragers Asana and the South-Central Andean Archaic, University of Iowa Press
• Aldenderfer, Mark & Edmundo de la Vega (1996), written at Puno, Informe Preliminar: Excavaciones Arqueológicas a Tres Sitios Arcaicos de la Cuenca del Río Ilave, Sub-región de Puno, Región "Jose Carlos Mariategui", Report submitted to Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Lima, Peru
• Aldenderfer, M. S., Craig, N., Speakman, R. J. & Popelka-Filcoff, R. S. (2008), "4000-year Old Gold Artifacts from the Lake Titicaca Basin, Peru.", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 5002-5005
• Binford, L. (1982), "The Archaeology of Place", Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1: 5-31
• Brooks, A. S., Gaelburd, D. E. & Yellen, J. (1984), "Food Production and Culture Change Among the !Kung San: Implications for Prehistoric Research", written at Berkeley, in Eds, From Hunters to Farmers: Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa, University of California
• Craig, Nathan (2005), The Formation of Early Settled Villages and the Emergence of Leadership: A Test of Three Theoretical Models in the Rio Ilave, Lake Titicaca Basin, Southern Peru, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara, <http://archaeo.info/craig/modules/Downloads/docs/craig2005_dissertation_jiska.pdf>
• Craig, Nathan (2002), "Recording Large-Scale Archaeological Excavations with GIS: Jiskairumoko--Near Peru's Lake Titicaca", ESRI ArcNews Spring, <http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/spring02articles/recordinglarge.html>
• Craig, Nathan (2000), "Real Time GIS Construction and Digital Data Recording of the Jiskairumoko, Excavation Perú", Society for American Archaeology Buletin 18 (1), <http://www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/18-1/saa18.html>
• Craig, Nathan & Mark Adenderfer (2003), "Preliminary Stages in the Development of a Real-Time Digital Data Recording System for Archaeological Excavation Using ArcView GIS 3.1", Journal of GIS in Archaeology 1: 1-22, <http://www.esri.com/library/journals/archaeology/volume_1/realtime_recording.pdf>
• Craig, N., Aldenderfer, M. & Moyes, H. (2006), "Multivariate Visualization and Analysis of Photomapped Artifact Scatters", Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 1617-1627, <http://archaeo.info/craig/modules/Downloads/docs/craig_et_al2006_photomapping.pdf>
• Craig, N.; J. Speakman & R. Popelka-Filcoff et al. (in press), "Comparison of XRF and PXRF for analysis of archaeological obsidian from southern Perú", Journal of Archaeological Science, <http://archaeo.info/craig/modules/Downloads/docs/craig_et_al_in_press_xrf.pdf>
• Ember, C. R. (1975), "Residential Variation Among Hunter-Gatherers", Behavior Science Research 3: 199-227
• Ember, C. (1983), "The Relative Decline in Women's Contribution to Agriculture with Intensification", American Anthropologist 85: 285-304
• Ember, M. & Ember, C. R. (1971), "The Conditions Favoring Matrilocal versus Patrilocal Residence", American Anthropologist 73: 571-594
• Flannery, Kent (2002), "The Origins of the Village Revisited: From Nuclear to Extended Households", American Antiquity 67 (3): 417-434
• Flannery, Kent (1972), "The Origins of the Village as the Settlement Type in Meso America and the Near East", written at London, Man, Settlement, and Urbanism, Duckworth
• Garget, R. & Hayden, B. (1991), "Site Structure, Kinship, and Sharing in Aboriginal Australia: Implications for Archaeology", written at New York, in Eds, The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning, Plenum
• Gould, R. & Yellen, J. (1987), "Man the Hunted: Determinants of Household Spacing in Desert and Tropical Foraging Societies", Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6
• Hawkes, K. (1983), "Kin Selection and Culture", American Ethnologist 10: 345-363
• Hawkes, K. (1991), "Showing Off: Tests of an Hypothesis About Men's Foraging Goals", Ethology and Sociobiology 12: 29-54
• Hawkes, K. (1992), "On Sharing and Work", Current Anthropology 33: 404-407
• Hawkes, K. (1993), "Why Hunter-Gatherers Work: An Ancient Version of the Problem of Public Goods", Current Anthropology 34: 341-361
• Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Hawkes, K. & Hurtado, A. (1984), "Food Sharing among Ache Hunter-Gatherers of Eastern Paraguay", Current Anthropology 25: 113-115
• Kelly, R. L. (1992), "Mobility/Sedentism: Concepts, Archaeological Measures, and Effects", Annual Review of Anthropology 21: 43-66
• Lechtman, H. (1984), "Andean Value Systems and the Development of Prehistoric Metallurgy", Technology and Culture 25: 1-36
• Maschner, H. D. G. & Patton, J. Q. (1996), "Kin Selection and the Origins of Hereditary Social Inequality: A Case Study from the Northern Northwest Coast", written at New York, in Eds, Darwinian Archaeologies, Plenum Press
• Murdock, G. P. (1949), written at New York, Social Structure, The MacMillan Company
• O'Connell, F. F., Hawkes, K. & Blurton Jones, N. (1991), "Distribution of Refuse-Producing Activities at Hadza Residential Base Camps: Implications for Analyses of Archaeological Site Structure", written at New York, in Eds, The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning, Plenum
• Popelka-Filcoff, R. S., Craig, N., Glascock, M. D., Robertson, D. J., Aldenderfer, M. S. & Speakman, R. J. (In Press), "INAA of Ochre Artifacts from Jiskairumoko, Perú", written at Washington D.C., in Eds, Archaeological Chemistry: Analytical Techniques and Archaeological Interpretation, American Chemical Society, <http://archaeo.info/craig/modules/Downloads/docs/Popelka_Filcoff_et_al_jiska_ochre.pdf>
• Shackley, S.; E. Eklund & C. Ogasawara (2004), written at Berkeley, Source Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts Jiskairumoko (189), Peru, University of California Berkeley Archaeological XRF Laboratory
• Wiessner, P. (2002), "Hunting, healing, and hxaro exchange A long-term perspective on !Kung (Ju/'hoansi) large-game hunting", Evolution and Human Behavior 23: 407-436