thermodynamical model
1Model photosphere — Some essential steps in model atmosphere analysis for determining stellar abundances (Figure by Bengt Gustafsson, Astronomical Observatory, Uppsala). The photosphere denotes those solar or stellar surface layers from which optical radiation… …
2Helmholtz free energy — In thermodynamics, the Helmholtz free energy is a thermodynamic potential which measures the “useful” work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system at a constant temperature and volume. For such a system, the negative of the difference in… …
3Temperature — This article is about the thermodynamic property. For other uses, see Temperature (disambiguation). A map of global long term monthly average surface air temperatures i …
4Thermodynamics — Annotated color version of the original 1824 Carnot heat engine showing the hot body (boiler), working body (system, steam), and cold body (water), the letters labeled according to the stopping points in Carnot cycle …
5Entropy — This article is about entropy in thermodynamics. For entropy in information theory, see Entropy (information theory). For a comparison of entropy in information theory with entropy in thermodynamics, see Entropy in thermodynamics and information… …
6Non-equilibrium thermodynamics — Thermodynamics …
7Quark–gluon plasma — A QGP is formed at the collision point of two relativistically accelerated gold ions in the center of the STAR detector at the relativistic heavy ion collider at the Brookhaven national laboratory. A quark–gluon plasma …
8Phase field models — A phase field model is a mathematical model for solving interfacial problems. It has been mainly applied to solidification dynamics, [ [http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.matsci.32.101901.155803 WJ. Boettinger et al.… …
9General relativity — For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to general relativity. General relativity Introduction Mathematical formulation Resources …
10Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric — FRW redirects here. For other uses, see FRW (disambiguation). Physical cosmology …
