smoking affects health
31Instrumental variable — In statistics, econometrics, and related disciplines, the method of instrumental variables (IV) is used to estimate causal relationships when controlled experiments are not feasible. Statistically, IV methods allow consistent estimation when the… …
32United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… …
33Tobacco politics — Part of a series on Tobacco …
34Dick Durbin — United States Senator from Illinois Incumbent Assumed office January 3, 1997 Se …
35Efficacy — is the capacity to produce an effect. It has different specific meanings in different fields. 1 ef·fi·ca·cy /ˈɛfɪkəsi/ noun [noncount] formal : the power to produce a desired result or effect ▪ The efficacy of this treatment has not yet been …
36Whitehall Study — The original Whitehall Study investigated social determinants of health, specifically the cardiorespiratory disease prevalence and mortality rates among British male civil servants between the ages of 20 and 64. The initial study, the Whitehall I …
37Economic inequality — refers to disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income. The term typically refers to inequality among individuals and groups within a society, but can also refer to inequality among nations. Economic Inequality generally refers… …
38Air pollution in Hong Kong — is considered a serious problem. It affects flora and fauna in the area, and the health of residents living there. Visibility is currently less than eight kilometers for 30% of the year. Cases of asthma and bronchial infections have soared in… …
39Alcoholism — Classification and external resources …
40Michael Marmot — Sir Michael Gideon Marmot (born 26 January 1945) is professor of Epidemiology and Public Health at University College London. Contents 1 Career …
