phase-change heat transfer
111Entropy (order and disorder) — Boltzmann s molecules (1896) shown at a rest position in a solid In thermodynamics, entropy is commonly associated with the amount of order, disorder, and/or chaos in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius 1862 assertion that any …
112solids, mechanics of — ▪ physics Introduction science concerned with the stressing (stress), deformation (deformation and flow), and failure of solid materials and structures. What, then, is a solid? Any material, fluid or solid, can support normal forces.… …
113Thermal insulation — The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer.Heat energy can be transferred by conduction, convection, radiation or when undergoing a phase… …
114Mpemba effect — The Mpemba effect is the observation that warmer water sometimes freezes faster than colder water. Although the observation has been verified, there is no single scientific explanation for the effect. Contents 1 Historical observations 2 Origin 3 …
115Water heating — is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, both hot water and water heated to steam have… …
116NTU method — The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method is used to calculate the rate of heat transfer in heat exchangers (especially counter current exchangers) when there is insufficient information to calculate the Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD). In …
117Helium — otherusesHelium (He) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non toxic, inert monatomic chemical element that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table and whose atomic number is 2. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among the… …
118Dye-sublimation printer — Samsung SPP 2040 printing a photograph. Part of a series on the …
119Chemical kinetics — Reaction rate tends to increase with concentration a phenomenon explained by collision theory. Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how… …
120Slurry ice — is a phase changing refrigerant comprised of millions of ice “micro crystals” (typically 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter) formed and suspended within a solution of water and a freezing point depressant. Some compounds used in the field are salt (sodium… …
