output load resistor
11Negative feedback amplifier — Figure 1: Ideal negative feedback model A negative feedback amplifier (or more commonly simply a feedback amplifier) is an amplifier which combines a fraction of the output with the input so that a negative feedback opposes the original signal.… …
12Common collector — Figure 1: Basic NPN common collector circuit (neglecting biasing details). In electronics, a common collector amplifier (also known as an emitter follower or BJT voltage follower) is one of three basic single stage bipolar junction transistor… …
13Voltage regulator — A popular three pin 12 V DC voltage regulator IC. A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a simple feed forward design or may include negative feedback …
14Buck-boost converter — Two different topologies are called buck boost converter. * The inverting topology The output voltage is of the opposite polarity as the input * A Buck (step down) converter followed by a Boost (step up) converter The output voltage is of the… …
15Electronic amplifier — A practical amplifier circuit An electronic amplifier is a device for increasing the power of a signal. It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input signal shape but with a larger amplitude. In… …
16Current limiting — is the practice in electrical or electronic circuits of imposing an upper limit on the current that may be delivered to a load with the purpose of protecting the circuit generating or transmitting the current from harmful effects due to a short… …
17Buffer amplifier — A buffer amplifier (sometimes simply called a buffer) is one that provides electrical impedance transformation from one circuit to another. Two main types of buffer exist: the voltage buffer and the current buffer. Figure 1: Top: Ideal voltage… …
18Cascode — The cascode is a two stage amplifier composed of a transconductance amplifier followed by a current buffer. Compared to a single amplifier stage, this combination may have one or more of the following advantages: higher input output isolation,… …
19Negative impedance converter — The negative impedance converter (NIC) is a one port op amp circuit acting as a negative load which injects energy into circuits in contrast to an ordinary load that consumes energy from them. This is achieved by adding or subtracting excessive… …
20Cathode bias — In order for a vacuum tube (or valve) to operate in a fairly linear region of its characteristic curve, the grid element must be maintained at a bias voltage more negative than the cathode. This is called cathode bias.Early techniquesEarly… …
