indirect heating vapour

  • 1niobium processing — Introduction       preparation of the ore for use in various products.       Niobium (Nb) has a body centred cubic (bcc) crystal structure and a melting point of 2,468° C (4,474° F). Of the refractory metals, it has the lowest density and best… …

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  • 2global warming — an increase in the earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect. [1975 80] * * * Potential increase in global average surface temperatures resulting from… …

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  • 3building construction — Techniques and industry involved in the assembly and erection of structures. Early humans built primarily for shelter, using simple methods. Building materials came from the land, and fabrication was dictated by the limits of the materials and… …

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  • 4environmental works — ▪ civil engineering Introduction       infrastructure that provides cities and towns with water supply, waste disposal, and pollution control services. They include extensive networks of reservoirs, pipelines, treatment systems, pumping stations …

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  • 5Diesel engine — Diesel engines in a museum Diesel generator on an oil tanker …

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  • 6food preservation — Any method by which food is protected against spoilage by oxidation, bacteria, molds, and microorganisms. Traditional methods include dehydration, smoking, salting, controlled fermentation (including pickling), and candying; certain spices have… …

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  • 7zinc processing — Introduction       preparation of the ore for use in various products.       Zinc (Zn) is a metallic element of hexagonal close packed (hcp) crystal structure and a density of 7.13 grams per cubic centimetre. It has only moderate hardness and can …

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  • 8Earth Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Geology and Geochemistry       The theme of the 33rd International Geological Congress, which was held in Norway in August 2008, was “Earth System Science: Foundation for Sustainable Development.” It was attended by nearly… …

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  • 9Shale oil extraction — Shell s experimental in situ shale oil facility, Piceance Basin, Colorado, United States Process type Chemical Industrial sector(s) Chemical industry, oil indus …

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  • 10hydrologic sciences — Introduction       the fields of study concerned with the waters of the Earth. Included are the sciences of hydrology, oceanography, limnology, and glaciology.       In its widest sense hydrology encompasses the study of the occurrence, the… …

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