incident beam
31ESEM — stands for environmental scanning electron microscope. This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber. Whereas all conventional microscopes operate in vacuum, the ESEM has added a new… …
32Negative index metamaterials — A negative index metamaterial causes light to refract, or bend, differently than in more common positive refractive index materials. Negative index metamaterials or negative index materials (NIM) are artificial structures where the refractive… …
33X-ray crystallography — can locate every atom in a zeolite, an aluminosilicate with many important applications, such as water purification. X ray crystallography is a method of determining the arrangement of atoms within a crystal, in which a beam of X rays strikes a… …
34Anti-reflective coating — Many coatings consist of transparent thin film structures with alternating layers of contrasting refractive index. Layer thicknesses are chosen to produce destructive interference in the beams reflected from the interfaces, and constructive… …
35Nonlinear optics — (NLO) is the branch of optics that describes the behaviour of light in nonlinear media, that is, media in which the dielectric polarization P responds nonlinearly to the electric field E of the light. This nonlinearity is typically only observed… …
36Raman effect — /rah meuhn/, Optics. the change in wavelength of light scattered while passing through a transparent medium, the collection of new wavelengths (Raman spectrum) being characteristic of the scattering medium and differing from the fluorescent… …
37Structure factor — In physics, in the area of crystallography, the structure factor of a crystal is a mathematical description of how the crystal scatters incident radiation. The structure factor is a particularly useful tool in the interpretation of interference… …
38Coherent diffraction imaging — A diffraction pattern of a gold nanocrystal formed from using a nano area beam of coherent X rays. This reciprocal space diffraction image was taken by Ian Robinson s Group to be used in the reconstruction of a real space coherent x ray… …
39Fabry–Pérot interferometer — Étalon redirects here. For the commune in Somme, France, see Étalon, Somme. Interference fringes, showing fine structure, from a Fabry–Pérot etalon. The source is a cooled deuterium lamp. In optics, a Fabry–Pérot interferometer or etalon is typic …
40Compound prism — A compound prism is a set of multiple triangular prism elements placed in contact, and often cemented together to form a solid assembly.[1] The use of multiple elements gives several advantages to an optical designer:[2] One can achieve spectral… …
