excluded middle
31Romania in the Middle Ages — Context The Dark Ages in what is now Romania ended around the 11th century, following the period in which the Romanian lands had been part of the First Bulgarian Empire (802 1018). During that period, the Magyar tribes, led by Árpád, migrated… …
32Antisemitism in Europe (Middle Ages) — Accusations of deicide In the Middle Ages Antisemitism in Europe was religious. Though not part of Roman Catholic dogma, many Christians, including members of the clergy, have held the Jewish people collectively responsible for killing Jesus, a… …
33Argument to moderation — Middle ground redirects here. For other uses, see Middle Ground (disambiguation). Argument to moderation (Latin: argumentum ad temperantiam, also known as middle ground, false compromise, gray fallacy and the golden mean fallacy) is a logical… …
34Brouwer-Hilbert controversy — A foundational controversy in twentieth century history of mathematics opposed L. E. J. Brouwer, a supporter of intuitionism, and David Hilbert, the founder of formalism.BackgroundThe background for the controversy was set with David Hilbert s… …
35Principle of bivalence — In logic, the semantic principle of bivalence states that every proposition takes exactly one of two truth values (e.g. truth or falsehood ). The laws of bivalence, excluded middle, and non contradiction are related, but they refer to the… …
36Constructivism (mathematics) — In the philosophy of mathematics, constructivism asserts that it is necessary to find (or construct ) a mathematical object to prove that it exists. When one assumes that an object does not exist and derives a contradiction from that assumption,… …
37Null (SQL) — The Greek lowercase omega (ω) character is used to represent Null in database theory. Null is a special marker used in Structured Query Language (SQL) to indicate that a data value does not exist in the database. Introduced by the creator of the… …
38thought, laws of — Traditionally, the three fundamental laws of logic: (1) the law of contradiction, (2) the law of excluded middle (or third), and (3) the principle of identity. That is, (1) for all propositions p, it is impossible for both p and not p to be true… …
39Logic — For other uses, see Logic (disambiguation). Philosophy …
40mathematics, foundations of — Scientific inquiry into the nature of mathematical theories and the scope of mathematical methods. It began with Euclid s Elements as an inquiry into the logical and philosophical basis of mathematics in essence, whether the axioms of any system… …
