environmental alleles
31Chemical biology — is a scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry and biology that involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems.… …
32Labrador Retriever coat colour genetics — The genetic basis of coat colour in the Labrador Retriever (a highly popular type of dog) has been widely studied, and found to depend on many genes. A wide range of colourings have developed over time.This article examines the current knowledge… …
33Mutation — For other uses, see Mutation (disambiguation). Part of the Biology series on Evolution …
34Human skin color — Skin pigmentation redirects here. For animal skin pigmentation, see Biological pigment. Variety of skin colors Human skin color is primarily due to the presence of melanin in the skin. Skin color ranges from almost black to white with a pinkish… …
35Penetrance — is a term used in genetics describing the proportion of individuals carrying a particular variation of a gene (an allele or genotype) that also express a particular trait (the phenotype). For example, known mutations in the gene responsible for… …
36Anthropology and Archaeology — ▪ 2009 Introduction Anthropology Among the key developments in 2008 in the field of physical anthropology was the discovery by a large interdisciplinary team of Spanish and American scientists in northern Spain of a partial mandible (lower… …
37Microevolution — Part of a series on Evolutionary Biology …
38Hybrid zone — A hybrid zone exists where the ranges of two interbreeding species meet. For a hybrid zone to be stable, the offspring produced by the cross (the hybrids) have to be less fit than members of the parent species, although this condition does not… …
39Phenotypic trait — This article refers to traits in biology. For other uses of the term, see trait (disambiguation) A trait is a distinct variant of a phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited, environmentally determined or be a combination of the… …
40Major Histocompatibility Complex and Sexual Selection — A pathogen is any agent that causes disease. The body has two defense mechanisms for dealing with pathogenic microorganisms and other harmful substances: the inflammatory reaction and the development of an acquired immunity. Acquired immunity… …
