- 1820s
Events and trends
*Nationalistic independence helped reshape the world during this decade:
**Greece gains independence from theOttoman Empire in theGreek War of Independence (1821-1827).
**Several countries declared their independence fromSpain andPortugal :
***TheRepublic of Gran Colombia under PresidentSimón Bolívar (1819 - 1828) expands overSouth America
***Mexico (1821)
***Brazil (1822)
*TheUnited Provinces of Central America were formed in 1823.
* Invention of the photograph.
*United States (1825) TheErie Canal opens - passage fromAlbany, New York toLake Erie and theOhio and Erie Canal is dug to extend settlement access and commercial traffic to theOhio River .
*Temperance movement emerges in U.S.
*Americo-Liberian s begin to settle in the Colony ofLiberia with the support of theAmerican Colonization Society World leaders
* Emir
Dost Mohammad Khan (Afghanistan )
* Supreme directorJosé Rondeau (Argentina )
* Acting supreme directorJuan Pedro Julián Aguirre y López de Anaya (Argentina )
* PresidentBernardino Rivadavia (Argentina )
* PresidentVicente López y Planes (Argentina )
* GeneralManuel Dorrego (Argentina )
* GeneralJuan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina )
* Emperor Francis II (Austria )
* ChancellorKlemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria )
* SheikhSulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah (Bahrain )
* SheikhKhalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah (Bahrain )
* Administrative leaderTendzin Drugdra (Bhutan )
* Administrative leaderChoki Gyaltshen (Bhutan )
* PresidentSimón Bolívar (Bolivia )
* PresidentAntonio José de Sucre (Bolivia )
* PresidentJosé María Pérez (Bolivia )
* PresidentJosé Miguel de Velasco (Bolivia )
* PresidentPedro Blanco (Bolivia )
* PresidentAndrés de Santa Cruz (Bolivia )
* EmperorPedro I (Brazil )
* SultanMuhammad Kanzul Alam (Brunei )
* SultanMuhammad Alam (Brunei )
* SultanOmar Ali Saifuddin II (Brunei )
* KingAng Chan II (Cambodia )
* PresidentBernardo O'Higgins (Chile )
* PresidentAgustín Eyzaguirre (Chile )
* Provisional triumvirate of the three provincesCongreso de Plenipotenciarios (Chile )
* Interim Supreme DirectorRamón Freire (Chile )
* Acting Supreme DirectorDiego José Benavente (Chile )
* PresidentManuel Blanco Encalada (Chile )
* PresidentFrancisco Antonio Pinto (Chile )
* PresidentFrancisco Ramón Vicuña (Chile )
* PresidentJosé Tomás Ovalle (Chile )
* EmperorDaoguang (China )
* PresidentSimón Bolívar (Greater Colombia )
* KingFrederick VI (Denmark )
* Governor Muḩammad ‘Alī (Egypt )
* Emperor Iyoas II (Ethiopia )
* Emperor Gigar (Ethiopia )
* Emperor Baeda Maryam III (Ethiopia )
* PresidentJosé Cecilio del Valle (Federal Republic of Central America )
* PresidentManuel José Arce (Federal Republic of Central America )
* PresidentJosé Francisco Barrundia (Federal Republic of Central America )
* King Louis XVIII (RestorationFrance )
* King Charles X (RestorationFrance )
* GovernorIoannis Kapodistrias (Greece )
* KingHenri Christophe (Haiti )
* PresidentJean Pierre Boyer (Haiti )
*Pope Pius VII
*Pope Leo XII
*Shogun Tokugawa Ienari (Japan )
* KhanOmar Beg (Kokand)
* Khan Mohammed Ali (Kokand)
* Emperor Sunjo (Korea )
* EmirJaber I Al-Sabah (Kuwait )
* EmperorAgustín de Iturbide (Mexico )
* PresidentGuadalupe Victoria (Mexico )
* PresidentVicente Guerrero (Mexico )
* PresidentJosé María Bocanegra (Mexico )
* PresidentPedro Vélez (Mexico )
* SultanSlimane (Morocco )
* SultanAbderrahmane (Morocco )
* PadshahAkbar II (Mughal Empire )
*Fath Ali Shah ofQajar dynasty (Persia )
* KingFrederick William III (Prussia )
* MaharajaRanjit Singh (Sikh Empire, Punjab)
* Emperor Alexander I (Russia )
* Emperor Nicholas I (Russia )
* KingVictor Emmanuel I (Sardinia )
* KingCharles Felix (Sardinia )
* King Rama II (Siam)
* King Rama III (Siam)
* KingFerdinand VII (Spain )
* KingCharles XIV John (Sweden )
*Pasha Yusuf Karamanli (Tripoli )
* King George IV (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland )
* King William I (United Kingdom of the Netherlands )
* PresidentJames Monroe (United States )
* PresidentJohn Quincy Adams (United States )
* EmperorMinh Mang (Vietnam )
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